Stress: concepts, classes, ellipsoid, Mohr circle of stress. Stain: concept, measures of strain, classes, ellipse and ellipsoid, stress-strain diagram. Factors, which control the mechanical behavior of materials.

Folds: morphology, classification based on morphology, geometry, vergence and mechanics of fold formation.

Faults: terminology, slip and separation, geometrical and genetic classification and recognition of faults. Structures in compressional and extensional regimes, transform faults and fault mechanics.

Joints: terminology, geometry and classification.

Foliation: terminology, classification and relationship with bedding.

Lineation: terminology and classification.

Unconformity: concept, classification and recognition.

The nature of petroleum hydrocarbons, their origin, migration and accumulation. Source sediemtns, reservoir rocks, and trapping mechanism for oil and gas. Prospecting and exploration of oil and gas. Basic concepts of exploration seismology; geochemical methods; drilling and well logging. Reservoir characteristics, drive mechanism, energy and pressure maintenance. Secondary and enhanced recovery. Recent advances in reservoir engineering. Petroleum basins and world distribution of oil and gas with emphasis on Pakistan and Middle-East.



Practical:

Map exercises and construction of geological and balanced cross-sections. Orthographic projections (geometrical exercises): dimension calculations. Introduction to stereographic projections: plotting a plane, a line on a plane. Determining of the rake of a line: plunge and  bearing from rake. True and apparent dip. Determining the intersection of two planes. Pole to a plane; angles between lines and planes.

Preparation of various kinds of subsurface maps, e.g., isopachs, isochore, isoliths etc. Preparation of fence diagrams. Visits to well / drilling sites.