Rock and soil mechanics and its application in civil engineering. Rock mass characteristics. Elastic properties and rocks. Geological factors and strength of rocks. Classification of rocks. Study of geological factors in relation to the construction of buildings and foundations, roads, highways, tunnels, dams and bridges. Application of geophysical methods. Case histories of important engineering projects (small & Mega) in Pakistan. Site investigation for engineering projects. Construction materials. Landslides, their causes and prevention.



The hydrologic cycle. Formation of aquifer system and types. Occurrence and movement of groundwater. Hydrologic properties of rocks and their measurements. Fluctuation of groundwater levels and causes. Recharge and discharge of groundwater. Groundwater exploration by geological, hydrogeological and geophysical methods and remote sensing techniques. Well hydraulics, tube well drilling techniques, designing, development and pumping tests. Waterlogging and causes of water table declination. Groundwater chemistry, salinity, quality analysis and deterioration of water quality. Groundwater resources of Pakistan.



Practical:

Determination of physical and geotechnical properties of soils and rocks. Visits to the engineering projects.

Inventory and monitoring of groundwater. Preparation of water table and piezometric surface maps. Study and preparation of hydrogeologic maps. Graphical presentation of chemical analysis of groundwater. Field visits to drilling sites.