1. Introduction and Awareness

What is Economics of Environment. Historical Framework for Environmental Protection. Participants in the Environmental Debate. The Biosphere and its inhabitants, Ecological State of the World. Issues of Global Concern. International Awareness: Developed and Developing World and Environmental Concerns. Keyoto Protocol and Developed Countries.



2. The Economy and Environment

Natural Resource Economics: Exhaustible and Renewable. Balance Growth and Consumption of Natural Resources. Emission, Air Quality, Damages and Types of Pollutants / Pollution. Short Run and Long Run Choices. Pollution Control in the Economy: Mechanism and Responsibilities of Government.



3. Environmental Degradation and Policy

Externalities and Environment. Cost of Environment and Quality. Nature of externalities, Property Rights and Environmental Control. Government Intervention Policies to Internalize Environmental Degradation.



4. Analytical Tools: An Environment

Supply and Demand Issue: Cost of Controlling Environment Benefit – Cost and its Estimation. Willingness to Pay. Technology and Equi Marginal Principles, Marginal Cost and Supply, Economic Efficiency and Markets. Equity and Social Efficiency.



5. The Economics of Environmental Quality

Pollution and Impacts on Human Life, quality of life and Environment Quality, General Models of Pollution Control. Emission Reduction and Equi Marginal Principle. Long Run Sustainability Through Pricing Mechanism.



6. Environmental Analysis

Impact Analysis: Cost Effective Analysis, Benefit, Cost Analysis of Projects. Risk Analysis, Measuring Damages Directly; Pigorian Analysis, The Coase Theorem.



7. Environmental Policy Analysis

Environment and Criterias for Policy Analysis, Centralized Policies, Command and Control Strategy. Incentive Based Strategies, Emission Taxes and Subsidies. Transferable discharge Permits. Political Theories and Environmental Conflict.



8. Institutions, Cooperation and Issues

Dilemma of Waste and Clean up, Energy Politics; Petroleum, Natural Gas and Minerals. Population Issue and Co-operation. Common Space and Cooperation Managing Water Resources: Over utilization, Salinity and Water Logging and Spread of Diseases. Use of Pesticides in Agriculture and Impacts on Human and Animals. Air Quality and Environmental health Concerns. Regulating Pollution and Protection of global commons. Endangered Specious, Factors and Biodiversity.



9. Environment and Pakistan

Emergence of Environment Issue in Pakistan, Industrial Waste, Urban Waste and Agricultural Issues Related to Pesticides use, Salinity and Water Logging. Urban Environmental Issues. Public and Private Efforts to Improve Environment Quality and Impacts. Air pollution in Pakistan. Public Policies and Awareness to Control Pollution. Environmental Policy and Strategy in Pakistan.



10. International Environmental Concerns and Issues

The Economics of Global Warming: Paradigms for Decision Making, Environmental Policies and Control of Pollution. Keyoto – Protocol and Issues. International Environmental Agreements. UN and Environmental Cooperation. International Response to Food, Health and Education. Impacts of Awareness Policy.