1. Introduction and Development Of Monetary Mechanism

Evolution of Money and Payment System. Definition of Money Function of Money and Measurement of Money. Demand for Money and Supply of Money. Definitions of Money, M1, M2, M3, L etc.



2. Role of Money in the Economy

Debate on neutrality and non-neutrality of Money. Classical Dichotomy and Keynesian Integration of Nominal and Real Sectors. Role of Money in the IS-LM Framework. Money in Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Analysis. Keynesian Vs. Monetarist views of Equilibrium Output, Employment and Prices.



3. Demand for Money

Quantity Theory of Money. Transaction Theories of Demand for Money. Portfolio Theories of Demand for Money. Baumol – Tobin Model of Cash Management. Friedman’s Restatement of Quantity Theory of Money: Empirical Evidence on the Demand for Money.



4. The Money Supply Process

Monetary Base, Keynesian Liquidity Preference Framework, Friedman’s Modern Quantity Theory of Money. Multiple Deposit Creation: Introducing the Money Supply Process. Determinants of the Money Supply: Exogenous and Endogenous. Understanding Movements in the Monetary Base, Money Multiplier. Velocity of Money and its variability. Explaining Depositor and Bank Behaviour: the Complete Money Supply Model. Regressive Expectation Model.



5. The Conduct of Monetary Policy: Central Bank

Structure and Functions of Central Bank. Independence of Central Bank and its role in Economic Growth. Tool of Central Bank for Money Control. Monetary Base. The Conduct of Monetary Policy: Goals and Targets. Tools of Monetary Policy: Three Major Tools of Monetary Policy. Required Reserve Ratio, Discount Window Loans and Open Market Operation. Advantages and Disadvantages and Impact Analysis of each Policy Tool. Central Bank as a lender of last Resort. Financial Intermediateries. Monetization of Public Debt. Infectiveness of Stabilization Policies. Targeting interest rate and inflation.



6. Money and Interest Rates

Determinants of interest rates. Kinds of Interest Rates. The Behaviour of Interest Rates. Understanding and Measuring the Interest Rates. Real and Nominal Interest Rates, Theories of Interest Rate Determination. The Risk and Term Structure of Interest Rates. The Distinction Between Interest Rates and Returns. Maturity and Volatility of Bond Returns. Portfolio Choice: the Theory of Asset Demand.



7. Money and Inflation

What is Inflation and Causes of Inflation? Demand – pull Inflation, Cost – push Inflation, Stagflation and Hyperinflation. Inflation as a Monetary Phenomenon The Philips Curve and Accelerating Inflation. Inflation in Pakistan: Sources and Managing Policies. Sources of Inflation in Pakistan: Spiracle Evidences. Policies to Combat Inflation in Pakistan.



8. Monetary Policy in International Framework

Money Demand and Empirical Evidences. Money in Growth Models. Inflationary Spiral. Current Issues in Monetary and Financial Sector Reforms. Conduct of Monetary Policy in Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates. Perfect Mobility of Capital and Money Control, Effectiveness of Policy. Impact of Reserves on B.O.P and Exchange Rates. Targeting exchange rate. Managed Exchange Rate System and Monetary Policy. Targeting Inflation. Exchange Rate and Balance of Payment.